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Thich Quang Duc
¡ã Journalist Malcolm Browne's photograph of Thich Quang Duc during his self-immolation. A similar photo won the 1963 World Press Photo of the Year.
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Hoa thuong Thich Quang Duc ( b. 1897 – d. 11 June 1963) was a Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon road intersection on 11 June 1963. Thich Quang Duc was protesting against the persecution of Buddhists by South Vietnam's Ngo Dinh Diem administration. Photos of his self-immolation were circulated widely across the world and brought attention to the policies of the Diem regime. Malcolm Browne won a Pulitzer Prize for his iconic photo of the monk's death, as did David Halberstam for his written account. After his death, his body was re-cremated, but his heart remained intact. This was interpreted as a symbol of compassion and led Buddhists to revere him as a bodhisattva, heightening the impact of his death on the public psyche.
Thich Quang Duc's act increased international pressure on Diem and led him to announce reforms with the intention of mollifying the Buddhists. However, the promised reforms were implemented either slowly or not at all, leading to a deterioration in the dispute. With protests continuing, the Special Forces loyal to Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, launched nationwide raids on Buddhist pagodas, seizing the holy heart and causing deaths and widespread damage. Several Buddhist monks followed Thich Quang Duc's example and burned themselves to death. Eventually, an Army coup toppled and killed Diem in November. The self-immolation is widely seen as the turning point of the Vietnamese Buddhist crisis which led to the change in regime.
After the self-immolation, the U.S. put more pressure on Diem to re-open negotiations on the faltering agreement. Diem had scheduled an emergency cabinet meeting at 11:30 on 11 June to discuss the Buddhist crisis which he believed to be winding down. Following Thich Quang Duc's death, Diem cancelled the meeting and met individually with his ministers. Acting U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam William Trueheart warned Nguyen Dinh Thuan, Diem's Secretary of State, of the desperate need for an agreement, saying that the situation was "dangerously near breaking point" and expected that Diem would meet the Buddhists' five-point manifesto. United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk warned the Saigon embassy that the White House would publicly announce that it would no longer "associate itself" with the regime if this did not occur. The Joint Communique and concessions to the Buddhists were signed on 16 June.
15 June was set as the date for the funeral of Thich Quang Duc, and on that day 4,000 people gathered outside Xa Loi Pagoda, only for the ceremony to be postponed. On 19 June, his remains were carried out of Xa Loi to a cemetery 16 kilometers (10 miles) south of the city for a re-cremation and funeral ceremony. Following the signing of the Joint Communique, attendance was limited by agreement between Buddhist leaders and police to approximately 400 monks.
The heart relic of Thich Quang Duc |
The body was re-cremated during the funeral, but the heart of Thich Quang Duc remained intact and did not burn. It was considered to be holy and placed in a glass chalice at Xa Loi Pagoda. The intact heart relic is regarded as a symbol of compassion and Thich Quang Duc has subsequently been revered by Vietnamese Buddhists as a bodhisattva (Bo Tát) and accordingly is often referred to in Vietnamese as Bo Tát Thich Quang Duc.
The funeral was not to be the final act involving Thich Quang Duc's remains. On 21 August, the ARVN Special Forces of Nhu attacked Xa Loi and other Buddhist pagodas across Vietnam. The secret police had intended to confiscate Thich Quang Duc's ashes, but two monks had escaped with the urn, jumping over the back fence and finding safety at the U.S. Operations Mission next door. Nhu's men did manage to confiscate the charred heart of Thich Quang Duc.
[Source] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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